The Effect of Colonialism - Dr Manisha Patil

 The Effect of Colonialism

Colonization has wide ranging effects in all the spheres of life – physical, economic, social, psychological and cultural. There is no denying the fact that oppression is a basic ingredient of colonialism. Colonization is for the benefit of the colonizer. So, on the colonizer it has positive effect while on the colonized it has negative impact. Possibility of physical movement means mobility and liberation to the colonizer while the same means displacement for the colonizer. Colonization boosts the economy of the imperial center by providing raw material at cheap rate and ensuring captive markets for the final products. In contrast it destroys the economy of the colonized land by denying it the fair trade and competition. Economic prosperity brings about social stability in the mother country while forced displacement, indentured labor and finally slavery destructs the very fabric of family and community in the colony. Moreover, it creates acute trauma and inferiority complex in the colonized which becomes trans-generational. Ultimately, cultural hegemony of the colonizer suppresses the local cultures.

The initial submission of the natives may be forced or mutual. But after some period through their experience and exposure to wider political climate and world ideologies they realize that the settlers are mere parasites sucking off the blood and labor of the natives without awarding them their dues. The natives realize that their hopes and aspirations would always remain subdued under the foreign rule. As a result, the natives resort to violent struggle to shake the colonizer off his shoulder; and eventually they do it.

There are so many views on the effects of colonialism. These views depend on the political and ideological position of those who disseminate them. Some claim that in spite of the ugly face of colonialism, it did a lot of good to the colonized. It brought to the colonized a new vision of life, mainly western and advanced. It fostered a strong sense of national unity. It brought industrialization and modern economy to the colonies; and above all it advanced cultural life where it occurred. Implicit in these claims is the colonizers’ high moral grounds mentioned above. On the other hand, there is the view that colonialism is pure oppression, immoral, evil, and nothing more than a form of a Neo-slavery. As a result, no possible good can come out of such evil, and it should be combated with sheer force. This radical view not only denies any positive effect of colonialism, but also incriminates those so-called apologists for colonialism.

Some of the results and effects of colonialism can be put in the following terms:

• The total or partial erosion of the colonized culture

• The mediation of the identity and subjectivity of the colonized

• The total rejection by some elements among the colonized of everything western as a form of reaction and protest against the colonizer.

• The categorization of the world into ranks, such as first world, second world, the West and the rest with all the subsequent stereotyping and prototyping that follows.

• The emergence of different forms of fundamentalism that aim at purifying their local cultures from the residues of the colonial past

• The emergence of bourgeoisie classes in the colonies, modeling themselves after their masters, who endeavor to maintain their status quo by getting closer to Western culture

• The emergence of societies with a lot of contradictions and split loyalties.

Dr Manisha Patil 

Toni Morrison- Dr Manisha Patil

 Toni Morrison is the first African American woman writer to win Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. In her work Morrison demonstrates an ‘oppositional attitude’ to the hegemony of White America and asserts the identity of Black women as historical subject. She explores the experience and roles of black women in a racist and male dominated society. At the same time, she also documents the nuances of unique and complex cultural inheritance of African-Americans.

The basic premise of the present research is an attempt to identify basic issues of postcolonial theory which are reflected in the vivid experiences of Morrison’s characters such as hegemony, displacement, stereotyping, resistance, subversion and hybridity. The study tries to look into these issues that enable Toni Morrison to explore the problems pertaining to Blacks in America from various angles of class, gender and race. 

I am very much grateful to all the critics on whose works I am heavily dependent not just for the insight in the subject matter but also for inspiration.

I express my heart felt gratitude to my guide Dr. Rambhau M. Badode, Professor and Head of Department of English, University of Mumbai for his valuable advice and critique of my writing.

I am thankful to all other members of Department of English, University of Mumbai for all their aid.

I am also indebted to all the staff members of Jawaharlal Nehru Library, Kalina Campus, University of Mumbai and Central Library, American Conciliate, Mumbai for their prompt and smiling assistance while locating and referring books, magazines and articles. They have taken extra effort to provide me with right material. Without them I would not have been able to complete my work.

I am greatly obliged to my mother for all her caring, support, guidance and inspiration throughout my life. She has played a very big role in motivating me for this research.

Last but not the least I wish to express gratitude to Toni Morrison herself for providing insight in the nature of oppression, human suffering and resistance to it and thereby making millions of people more humane and benevolent towards their fellow human beings irrespective of class, race and sex.

Dr. Manisha D. Patil

तुम्हारी स्मृतियों से

 तुम्हारी स्मृतियों से  । 

यह जो 

मेरी मनोभूमि है

लबालब भरी हुई

तुम्हारी स्मृतियों से

यहां

रुपहली बर्फ़ पर

प्रतिध्वनियां

उन लालसाओं को 

विस्तार देती हैं 

जो की अधूरी रहीं ।

ये रोपती हैं

जीवन राग के साथ

गुमसुम सी यादें

लांघते हुए

उस समय को

कि जिसकी प्रांजल हँसी

समाई हुई है

मेरे अंदर 

बहुत गहरे में कहीं पर ।

इस घनघोर एकांत में

उजाड़ मौसमों के बीच

बहुत कुछ 

ओझल हो गया

तो बहुत कुछ गर्क।

विस्मृतियों के

ध्वंस का गुबार

इन स्याह रातों में

रोशनदान से

अब भी 

झांकते हैं मुझे 

और मैं

ऐसी दुश्वारियों के बीच

डूबा रहता हूं

अपना ही निषेध करते हुए

उन बातों में

जो तुम कह चुकी हो ।

मैं

शिलाओं सा जड़

नहीं होना चाहता इसलिए

लगा रहता हूं

हंसने की

जद्दोजहद में भी

लेकिन मेरा चेहरा

गोया कोई

ना पढ़ी जा सकनेवाली 

किसी इबारत की तरह

बिलकुल नहीं है ।

ऐसे में

सोचता हूं कि

विपदाओं की इस बारिश में 

पीड़ाओं के बीच

कोई पुल बनाऊं

ताकि 

साझा कर सकूं

पीड़ाओं से भरी चुप्पियां ।

इन चुप्पियों में

कठिन पर कई

जरूरी प्रश्न हैं

जिनका

अभिलेखों में

संरक्षित होना ज़रूरी है

वैसे भी

प्रेम में लोच

बहुत ज़रूरी है।

फिर इसी बहाने

तुम याद आती रहोगी

पूरे वेग से

और

एक उपाय 

शेष भी रह जायेगा 

अन्यथा 

ख़ुद को खोते हुए

मैं

तुम्हें भी खो दूंगा ।

जबकि मैं

तुम्हें खोना नहीं चाहता

फिर यह बात

तुम तो जानती ही हो 

इसलिए

तुम रहो 

मेरे होने तक

फिर भले ही जुदा हो जाना 

हमेशा की तरह

पर

हमेशा के लिए नहीं ।

डॉ मनीष कुमार मिश्रा

सहायक प्राध्यापक

हिन्दी विभाग

के एम अग्रवाल महाविद्यालय

कल्याण पश्चिम

महाराष्ट्र

Reference Books for Sanskrit Drama - Dr Swati Joshi Gujarat

 

Reference Books for Sanskrit Drama

Dr Swati Joshi

Gujarat 

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158. Witzel, Michael. The origin of the worlds’ Mythologoies. Oxford University Press; U.S.A:2012

159. Woods, Julian. F. Destiny and Human initiative in the Mahabharata. State University of New York Press; Albany: 2001

160. Zimmer, Heinrich. (ed.) Joseph Campbell. Philosophies of India. (vol.20) Routledge publication; London and New York: 2009

WEB WORLD

1  www.jatland.wm/home/yugandhara

2  https://books.google.co.in/books? 

3  www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yugandhara

4  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayana 

5  http://www.manuscrypts.com/myth/2011/02/16/udayana

6  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svapnavasavadattam

7  http://www.iosrjournals.org

8  https://www.jstor.org

9  http://en.bookfi.net

10  https://muse.jhu.edu

12  https://www.elsevier.com 

13  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal

14  http://www.tjprc.org/journals

15  http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/IJEL

16  http://www.rjelal.com

17 http://www.questjournals.org

18  http://www.scijournal.org

 19  www.indianscriptures.com

20  www.Yayanika.org

21  www.shodhganfa.inflibit.ac.in

22  www.manuscrypts.com

23  www.languageinindia.com

24  www.quara.com

25 www.ijelr.in

Dr Swati Joshi

Gujarat 

ठुमरी की नामचीन गायिकाएं।

 ठुमरी की नामचीन गायिकाएं। 

1. गौहर जान 

2. जानकी बाई  

3. बेगम हजरत महल

4. बेगम अख्तर

5. रसूलन बाई

6. सिद्धेश्वरी बाई

7. जिद्दन बाई

8. बड़ी कनीज 

9. लाड़ली बाई

10. टॉमी बाई

11. दुलारी बाई

12. मुख्तर बेगम

13. उमराव जान अदा 

14. मलका जान आग्रेवाली

15.राजेश्वरी बाई

16. काशी बाई

17. हुस्ना बाई 

18. विद्याधरी बाई

19. बड़ी मोती बाई 

20. केसर बाई

21. सितारा देवी

22. सृजन बाई

23. जोहरा बाई आगरा वाली

24. सुंदरा बाई

25. मुनिया बाई

26. सरस्वती बाई

27. बैजंती बाई 

28. हीरा बाई 

29. बड़ी मैना बाई

30. सुगना बाई

31. मंगू बाई 

32. जनी बाई मालपेकर

33. नूर बाई 

34. उमा बाई 

35. जीनत बाई 

36. रहिमन बाई 

37. पन्ना बाई 

38. कमल बाई 

39. नन्ही बाई 

40. चंद्रभागा बाई 

41. चित्रा बाई 

42. खुर्शीद बाई

43. चंदा बाई 

44. अमानी जान 

45. सुंदर बाई

46. लतीफन बाई 

47. सरफो बाई

48. संधू बाई

49. धूमन बाई 

50. छुट्टन बाई 

51. मोहम्मद बांदी

52. अल्लाह जिलाई बाई 

53. तन्नो बाई

54. अशगरी बाई 

55. इंदुबाला देवी 

56. गिरजा देवी 

57. मुख्तर बेगम

58. अजीजन बाई 

59. रोशन आरा बेगम बांबेवाली

60. अनवर बाई लखनवी 

61. तमंचा जान आका गुलज़ार बेगम

62. जानकी बाई  मारवाड़न / उदयपुर

Dr Manish Kumar Mishra

Assistant professor

Department of Hindi

K.M.Agrawal College

Kalyan west

Maharashtra 

लड़ते हैं लेकिन भरोसा बना रहता है

 लड़ते हैं लेकिन भरोसा बना रहता है

छट जाता है जो कोहरा घना रहता है।

जिन रास्तों पर - "कार्य प्रगति पर है।"

ऐसे रास्तों पर तो चलना मना रहता है।

कोई साथ हो न हो तुम हौसला रखना 

यूं भाड़ फोड़ने अकेले ही चना रहता है।

जो नींव पड़ जाए फ़िर मकान बनाना

जड़ों के बिना पेड़ कहां तना रहता है।

उन्हें रावणी खानदान कहते हैं गांव में

जिनके बीच रोज़ ही कुछ ठना रहता है।

Dr Manish Kumar Mishra

Kalyan 

मैंने बस उसी यार की सदा मांगी है

 मैंने बस उसी यार की सदा मांगी है 

जिस ने मेरे मरने की दुआ मांगी है।

मैं सच बोलता रहा बड़ी गलती हुई 

अपनी गलती के लिए सज़ा मांगी है।

होली दिवाली और ईद हो साथ साथ

मुल्क के वास्ते ऐसी ही फिज़ा मांगी है।

दंगे फसाद और दहशतगर्दी बहुत हुई

मैंने इनकी इस मुल्क से रजा मांगी है।

राहे इश्क में उम्मीद बड़ी चीज़ होती है

हमने भी एक बेवफ़ा से वफ़ा मांगी है।

डॉ मनीष कुमार मिश्रा

सहायक प्राध्यापक

हिंदी विभाग

के एम अग्रवाल महाविद्यालय

कल्याण पश्चिम

महाराष्ट्र ।